時間：2011-04-18 00:52來源：藍(lán)天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點擊：次
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REFERENCE. FAA AC 91.61, A Hazard in Aerobatics: Effects of G.forces on Pilots. 8.1.8. Judgment Aspects of Collision Avoidance a.Introduction. The most important aspects of vision and the techniques to scan for other aircraft are described in paragraph 8.1.6, Vision in Flight. Pilots should also be familiar with the following informa-tion to reduce the possibility of mid-air collisions. b.Determining Relative Altitude. Use the horizon as a reference point. If the other aircraft is above the horizon, it is probably on a higher flight path. If the aircraft appears to be below the horizon, it is probably flying at a lower altitude. c.Taking Appropriate Action. Pilots should be familiar with rules on right-of-way, so if an aircraft is on an obvious collision course, one can take immediate evasive action, preferably in compliance with applicable Federal Aviation Regulations. d.Consider Multiple Threats. The decision to climb, descend, or turn is a matter of personal judgment, but one should anticipate that the other pilot may also be making a quick maneuver. Watch the other aircraft during the maneuver and begin your scanning again immediately since there may be other aircraft in the area. e.Collision Course Targets. Any aircraft that appears to have no relative motion and stays in one scan quadrant is likely to be on a collision course. Also, if a target shows no lateral or vertical motion, but increases in size, take evasive action. f.Recognize High Hazard Areas. 1.Airways, especially near VORs, and Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E surface areas are places where aircraft tend to cluster. 2.Remember, most collisions occur during days when the weather is good. Being in a “radar environment” still requires vigilance to avoid collisions. g.Cockpit Management. Studying maps, checklists, and manuals before flight, with other proper preflight planning; e.g., noting necessary radio frequencies and organizing cockpit materials, can reduce the amount of time required to look at these items during flight, permitting more scan time. h.Windshield Conditions. Dirty or bug-smeared windshields can greatly reduce the ability of pilots to see other aircraft. Keep a clean windshield. 8.1.8 Fitness for Flight i. Visibility Conditions. Smoke, haze, dust, rain, and flying towards the sun can also greatly reduce the ability to detect targets. j. Visual Obstructions in the Cockpit. 1.Pilots need to move their heads to see around blind spots caused by fixed aircraft structures, such as door posts, wings, etc. It will be necessary at times to maneuver the aircraft; e.g., lift a wing, to facilitate seeing. 2.Pilots must insure curtains and other cockpit objects; e.g., maps on glare shield, are removed and stowed during flight. AIM k. Lights On. 1.Day or night, use of exterior lights can greatly increase the conspicuity of any aircraft. 2.Keep interior lights low at night. l. ATC Support. ATC facilities often provide radar traffic advisories on a workload-permitting basis. Flight through Class C and Class D airspace requires communication with ATC. Use this support whenever possible or when required. Fitness for Flight 8.1.9 Chapter 9. Aeronautical Charts and Related Publications Section 1. Types of Charts Available 9.1.1. General Civil aeronautical charts for the U.S. and its territories, and possessions are produced by the National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO), http://www.naco.faa.gov, which is part of FAA’s office of Technical Operations Aviation Systems Standards. 9.1.2. Obtaining Aeronautical Charts a. Most charts and publications described in this Chapter can be obtained by subscription or one.time sales from: National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO)Distribution Division, Federal Aviation Administration 6303 Ivy Lane, Suite 400 Greenbelt, MD 20770 Telephone: 1.800.638.8972 (Toll free within U.S.) 301.436.8301/6990 301.436.6829 (FAX) e.mail: 9.AMC.Chartsales@faa.gov b. Public sales of charts and publications are also available through a network of FAA chart agents primarily located at or near major civil airports. A listing of products and agents is printed in the free FAA catalog, Aeronautical Charts and Related Products. (FAA Stock No. ACATSET). A free quarterly bulletin, Dates of Latest Editions, (FAA Stock No. 5318), is also available from NACO. 9.1.3. Selected Charts and Products Available VFR Navigation Charts IFR Navigation Charts Planning Charts Supplementary Charts and Publications Digital Products 9.1.4. General Description of each Chart Series a. VFR Navigation Charts. 1.Sectional Aeronautical Charts. Sectional Charts are designed for visual navigation of slow to medium speed aircraft. The topographic information consists of contour lines, shaded relief, drainage patterns, and an extensive selection of visual checkpoints and landmarks used for flight under VFR. Cultural features include cities and towns, roads, railroads, and other distinct landmarks. The aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, special.use airspace, obstructions, and related data. Scale 1 inch = 6.86nm/1:500,000. 60 x 20 inches folded to 5 x 10 inches. Revised semiannually, except most Alaskan charts are revised annually. (See FIG 9.1.1 and FIG 9.1.11.)2.VFR Terminal Area Charts (TAC). TACs depict the airspace designated as Class B airspace. While similar to sectional charts, TACs have more detail because the scale is larger. The TAC should be used by pilots intending to operate to or from airfields within or near Class B or Class C airspace. Areas with TAC coverage are indicated by a . on the Sectional Chart indexes. Scale 1 inch = 3.43nm/1:250,000. Charts are revised semiannually, except Puerto Rico.Virgin Islands revised annually. (See FIG 9.1.1 and FIG 9.1.11.) |
